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Relés eléctricos – Principios de trabajo y aplicaciones

Propósito y características de los relés eléctricos

An electrical relay is a switching device used to close or open an electrical circuit under the influence of certain factors. Depending on what triggers the relay, they can be categorized into different types:

  • Relés electromagnéticos
  • Relés térmicos
  • Relés fotográficos, y más.

Structurally, a relay consists of a control mechanism and an actuating part. The actuating part typically includes mechanical contact groups, although solid-state relays operate with semiconductor elements to switch voltage and current.

Estructura y principio de funcionamiento de relé

The basic principle behind a relay is the alteration of contact states in response to voltage (current), temperature, or light, depending on the type and intended application.

El grupo de contacto (CG) consta de placas elásticas metálicas, que pueden estar equipadas con muelles. Un lado de las placas se conecta al circuito eléctrico, mientras que el otro lado contiene los contactos, que pueden cerrarse o abrirse cuando el relé está apagado.

In the first case, they are called contactos normalmente cerrados, and in the second, contactos normalmente abiertos. The contact group may have two contacts working on closure (or opening) or three (one common and one each for closing and opening), allowing for a switching mode.

A relay may have multiple contact groups of any type.

El tipo más común es el relé electromagnético, where the change in contact positions is driven by a mechanical connection to an electromagnet, powered by either AC or DC voltage (current).

Relays can also be enhanced with additional features, such as a photo-sensitive element and an electric circuit to create a foto relé. Adding a microphone results in an relé acústico, and a thermometer turns it into a termistor reléEste último puede funcionar sin control eléctrico, utilizando placas bimetálicas para doblarse bajo cambios de temperatura, aunque esta versión carece de la regulabilidad y precisión de los relés eléctricos.

Aplicaciones y usos de relé

Desglosemos lo básico de los relés:

  1. Componentes relé y funcionamiento:
    Un relé normalmente consiste en grupos de contacto controlados por un electroimán. Cuando la corriente eléctrica fluye a través de la bobina, el campo magnético cambia la posición de la armadura, que está conectada mecánicamente a las placas de contacto.

  2. Propósitos primarios:

    • Amplificación: Corrientes pequeñas que fluyen a través de los contactos de control de bobinas que pueden cambiar potencias mucho más altas (como un amplificador).
    • Distribución de la señal: Multiple contact groups allow one signal to control several independent pathways (acting as a distributor).
    • Inversión: Usando contactos normalmente cerrados, la aplicación de voltaje a la bobina puede hacer que el circuito se abra (inversión).
    • Aislamiento galvánico: Puesto que las partes de control y conmutación del relé están separadas eléctricamente, el aislamiento galvánico entre los circuitos está asegurado.

Thanks to their simplicity and reliability, relays are widely used in automatización, sistemas de protección, sistemas de control, y Dispositivos de señalización.

  1. AC vs. DC Relays:
    In the context of physics, the direction of the magnetic field depends on the direction of the electrical current. With DC voltage, the magnetic field remains constant, keeping the armature always in a pulled-in state.

If AC voltage is used without modifications, the alternating magnetic field will cause the armature and contacts to vibrate. To avoid this, special design adjustments are made in AC relays to compensate for these fluctuations.


Características técnicas y parámetros

Los contactos are a key component in any relay, determining its electrical capabilities. Some important characteristics of the contacts include the potencias de tensión y corriente pueden manejar. Además, el tiempo de conmutación es un factor crítico – los relés son inherentemente inerciales, y varias características de diseño contribuyen a este retraso:

  • Inductancia electromagnética: When current is applied to the coil, the inductance of the electromagnet resists the rapid increase in current, delaying the magnetic field from developing. This also delays the armature’s movement.
  • Inercia del Grupo de Contacto: The mass of the contact group and armature also contributes to the delay in switching.

Una variante es la reed relé, which is an electromechanical relay but lacks a core. The magnetic field directly affects the contact plates, which are sealed in a vacuum tube, providing high-speed operation. However, reed relays can only handle low switching power.

When choosing a relay, it's important to consider the tensión de la bobina y corriente, ya que estos pueden variar significativamente dependiendo del tipo relé. Generalmente, cuanto más fuerte es el grupo de contacto, más potencia se requiere para controlarlo.

Otros factores a tener en cuenta son:

  • Clase de protección: Resistencia a factores externos como el polvo y la humedad.
  • Normas de seguridad: Relays for use in hazardous environments require specific designs to ensure safety.

While these parameters may not be critical in standard applications, certain settings require strict compliance with safety and operational guidelines, especially when relays with exposed contacts are used in 110V networks.

By ensuring the correct specifications, relays provide a reliable and efficient solution for a wide variety of electrical and automation systems.

Smart Link Academy Relés eléctricos 15 articles in this section

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What Is a Photo Relay and Why Do You Need It?Modern lighting systems often rely on automatic and efficient controls to manage power usage. A photo relay, sometimes called a photocell switch or light sensor switch in the USA, has become a crucial component for outdoor lighting. By turning on lights a..
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Thermal Relays and Their Applications for Household AppliancesThermal relays aren’t limited to just overcurrent protection in wiring or industrial equipment. In the USA, these devices also serve crucial roles in home appliances like refrigerators and washing machines, as well as in heating systems s..
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How a Solid-State Relay WorksA solid-state relay functions like other relays in that it switches a high-power circuit using a low-power control signal. However, unlike traditional electromechanical relays, solid-state relays (SSRs) use semiconductor components (e.g., triacs, thyristors, transistors)..
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What Are Time Relays?Principle of OperationTime relays are automatic devices designed to switch electrical circuits with a predetermined time delay. They play a crucial role in industrial automation, household appliances, and various control systems.Modern time relays deliver high accuracy and relia..
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An intermediate relay is a versatile electrical device designed to switch:Multiple circuits simultaneouslyHigh currents and voltages with a low-power control signalHow Does an Intermediate Relay Work?Think of it as a cousin to the electromagnetic relay:A control voltage is applied to a coil with a p..
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